SS-31 10mg

Compound Overview

SS-31 10mg is a lyophilized synthetic tetrapeptide preparation supplied by Amino Apex for qualified laboratory research. SS-31, also known as elamipretide, belongs to the Szeto–Schiller family of mitochondria-targeting peptides. Its amino-acid sequence is D-Arg–2′,6′-dimethylTyr–Lys–Phe–NH₂. SS-31 has been investigated in experimental studies involving mitochondrial cardiolipin interactions, cytochrome c activity, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and cellular bioenergetics. A major area of research concerns its interactions with cardiolipin, a phospholipid concentrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane that contributes to membrane organization, respiratory-chain function, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. A 2014 peer-reviewed study published in the British Journal of Pharmacology investigated SS-31 interactions with cardiolipin-containing membranes and their relationship with mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis. Additional molecular research has examined SS-31 interactions with mitochondrial lipid membranes. A 2020 peer-reviewed study examining SS-31 membrane interactions investigated lipid binding, membrane electrostatics, and mitochondrial membrane properties. These publications provide scientific background and do not establish therapeutic effectiveness or safety for the Amino Apex research material.

Molecular & Structural Research

SS-31 consists of four amino-acid residues arranged as:

D-Arg–2′,6′-dimethylTyr–Lys–Phe–NH₂

The structure contains D-arginine, the modified aromatic residue 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine, lysine, and an amidated phenylalanine terminus. This combination produces an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide capable of interacting with negatively charged mitochondrial membrane components.

Its molecular formula is:

C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

with an approximate molecular mass of:

639.8 g/mol

SS-31/Elamipretide is associated with CAS Number 736992-21-5.

Biophysical research indicates that SS-31 partitions into the membrane interfacial region and can influence membrane-surface electrostatics and cardiolipin-associated molecular interactions.

Research Applications

SS-31 may be studied in appropriately designed laboratory research involving:

• Mitochondrial bioenergetics
• Cardiolipin-associated membrane research
• Inner mitochondrial membrane organization
• Mitochondrial cristae structure
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Electron-transport-chain research
• ATP-associated metabolic processes
• Cytochrome-c/cardiolipin interactions
• Mitochondrial membrane electrostatics
• Reactive-oxygen-species-associated pathways
• Cellular redox signaling
• Mitochondrial protein interactions
• Mitochondrial stress-response research
• Peptide-lipid interaction studies
• Comparative mitochondrial peptide research
• Analytical peptide characterization

Research has identified interactions between SS-31 and cardiolipin-associated mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic processes, supporting its use as an experimental probe for mitochondrial membrane biology and bioenergetics.

These categories describe areas of scientific investigation and do not constitute therapeutic or clinical-use recommendations.

Preclinical Research Context

SS-31 has been investigated across biochemical systems, isolated mitochondria, cultured cells, animal models, and human clinical research.

Preclinical research has examined its relationship with cardiolipin organization, mitochondrial membrane structure, respiratory-chain function, ATP-associated bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial protein interactions.

Contemporary mechanistic research increasingly emphasizes cardiolipin binding, membrane electrostatics, cristae organization, and cardiolipin-dependent protein assembly rather than describing SS-31 solely as a conventional antioxidant.

Experimental findings should be interpreted within the specific model, assay conditions, and limitations of each study and should not be assumed to establish effects for the Amino Apex research material.

Analytical Documentation

Amino Apex provides batch-specific analytical documentation for tested lots. Individual lot documentation may include chromatographic purity analysis and other analytical information associated with the tested sample.

Because analytical characteristics may differ by production lot, the Certificate of Analysis for the applicable batch should be used as the source of measured purity and quality-control results.

Refer to the COA panel on this page or the Amino Apex COA Library for available batch documentation.

Storage & Laboratory Handling

This material should be handled only by qualified personnel using procedures appropriate for laboratory peptide materials.

Storage and handling should follow the conditions specified in the applicable product and batch documentation.

Experimental preparation, concentration, assay conditions, and analytical methodology should be established by qualified researchers according to the requirements of their specific laboratory system.

Research Use Only

For laboratory research use only.

This material is not intended for human or animal use. It is not intended for diagnostic, therapeutic, food, cosmetic, or household applications and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, prevent, or mitigate any disease or medical condition.